Synthetic fibre as biological support in freshwater recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of synthetic fibre as a biological support for the adhesion of nitrifying bacteria in an aquaculture recirculation system (RAS). It was developed from three assays over 120 days. In the first assay, the synthetic fibres used as biological support were introduced in tanks of biological filtration of the system for posterior respirometry analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Respirometry and SEM were performed 10 days after inoculation with nitrifying microorganisms. Water quality parameters were monitored daily, and the respirometry showed that the bacteria in this assay were consuming the following amounts of ammonium: concentrations [C1]35.369 mg NH₃/L, R² = 0.9912; [C2]51.628 mg NH₃/L, R² = 0.9883; [C3]79.494 mg NH₃/L, R² = 0.986; and [C4]215.225 mg NH₃L, R² = 0.9934. In the second assay, a 1920-L tank was stocked with 120 Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, with an initial weight 32.11 ± 7.6 g and a biomass of 3.8 kg. After 60 days, the tank and its contents were assessed to evaluate zootechnical parameters and physical–chemical parameters of water quality. From these results, a third assay was developed in which the biomass of fish was increased to challenge the recirculation system. The tank was stocked with 480 jundiá Rhamdia quelen (initial weight 11.34 ± 2.4 g and biomass 5.4 kg) for 60 days. In both the tilapia and jundiá assays, the fish were fed four times per day with a commercial diet of 35% crude protein and 42% crude protein, respectively, at 5% of each individual fish’s body weight. At the end of the zootechnical assays, the synthetic fibres used showed efficient biological support for bacterial growth, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. The fibres also demonstrated maintenance of the water quality, which allowed good fish growth in the recirculating aquaculture system, and the maintenance of up to 11.19 kg/m³ of biomass of fish.     

The effect of taurine supplementation to a plant‐based diet for barramundi (Lates calcarifer) with varying methionine content

The effect of variable taurine inclusion (Tau) (1 g/kg DM to 15 g/kg DM) in the diet of juvenile barramundi (Lates calcarifer) on growth and nutrient utilization was investigated at three levels of dietary methionine (Met) supplementation. Diets were fed to juvenile barramundi (starting weight: 26.8 g) twice daily under a restricted pair‐fed regime for a period of 42 days. No significant effect of dietary Tau supply on growth or nutrient utilization was observed at any level of Met inclusion. Numerical variations suggested a positive effect of Tau provision at the mid‐level of supplementation (6–8 g/kg DM). The best‐fit response model (5‐SKM), fitted to the percentage body weight gain data of fish fed diets with an adequate level of Met, suggested a relatively weak pattern of response (R² = 0.183) and predicted a Tau requirement of 5.47 g/kg DM (9.64 g/kg CP) similar to that reported for several other species. It was concluded that taurine appears to be conditionally essential to barramundi, whereby provision in the diet when sulphur amino acid supply is insufficient to meet biosynthetic demands may be beneficial, but that the predicted requirement is likely reasonably accurate for use as a minimum level of inclusion.     

Soleris微生物实时光电法与平板计数法测定生乳中菌落总数的比较研究

建立Soleris微生物实时光电检测法检测生乳中菌落总数的快速测定方法,并将该方法与国标的平板计数法进行比较。结果表明：Soleris法检测生乳中菌落总数的标准曲线为y=－0.651 5x＋8.263 9（y为菌落总数（lg（CFU/mL））,x为胶体栓变色时间（h））,相关系数R2=－0.939 6,表明标准曲线相关性良好;重复性实验结果的相对标准偏差均小于5%;Soleris法与平板计数法测定结果的比较表明,2 种方法之间没有显著性差异（P＞0.05）。在本研究的实验条件下,Soleris法检测生乳中     

Total mixed ration silage containing elephant grass for small‐scale dairy farms

Alternatives need to be addressed for reducing losses in elephant grass (EG; Pennisetum purpureum) silages. Furthermore, smallholders lack information on the nutritional aspects of dairy farms. The aim of this study was to evaluate total mixed ration silage (TMR) combining fresh EG and concentrate ingredients, creating the following treatments: (i) EG silage (control); (ii) EG, corn and soya bean meal; (iii) EG, corn, soya bean meal and molasses; (iv) EG, citrus pulp and soya bean meal; and (v) EG, citrus pulp, soya bean meal and molasses. Five replicates of each treatment were ensiled in 15‐L plastic jars. The fermentation profile, chemical composition, microbial counts and aerobic stability were assessed. Three contrasts were tested, as follows: (i) control vs. TMR; (ii) TMR with corn vs. TMR with citrus pulp; and (iii) TMR with molasses vs. TMR without molasses. Variables were analysed through the PROC MIXED procedure of the SAS at the 5% level. The TMR had better fermentation profile, lower effluent production and longer aerobic stability compared to control. When the effect of corn was compared to citrus pulp among the TMR, silages with citrus pulp showed lower fermentation losses, non‐protein nitrogen and effluent production. The aerobic stability also improved with citrus pulp. Molasses did not affect the fermentation profile. Overall, lactic acid was the primary acid in all TMR. Nitrogen source (e.g., soya bean meal) can be used without compromising the fermentation process. TMR with citrus pulp showed better results than corn. TMR may be an alternative to optimize the use of EG on smallholdings.     

小麦-玉米轮作体系中土壤细菌菌群结构及多样性分析

合理的轮作可以改善土壤微生物群落结构,提高土壤肥力,减少病虫害的发生。为了探讨小麦和玉米轮作对土壤细菌的影响,采用传统PCR克隆文库构建、克隆测序并结合EzBioCloud细菌分类鉴定,对河南小麦-玉米轮作体系下农田土壤细菌的菌群结构变化及多样性特征进行了分析。结果表明,变形菌门（33.73%）和拟杆菌门（31.50%）细菌是小麦-玉米轮作体系土壤中最主要的优势菌群,其次为酸杆菌门、芽单胞菌门、放线菌门和疣微菌门等。在小麦和玉米生长期内细菌的丰度和多样性明显高于二者的间隔期;玉米生长期间细菌菌群丰度和物种多样性更高。不同的微生物群落在土壤中担负不同的生态功能。     

溴氰菊酯降解菌的分离筛选与应用潜力评价

为解决杀虫剂溴氰菊酯的残留污染问题及丰富其降解菌资源库,采用富集培养法,从长期被溴氰菊酯污染的土壤中分离筛选到1株高效降解菌株XQ08,经形态学特征、生理生化及16S rDNA鉴定其为嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌Stenotrophomonas maltophilia,并对菌株发酵条件、菌剂制备方法及应用潜力进行了初步研究。结果表明:在纯培养条件下,XQ08菌株5 d内对50 mg/L溴氰菊酯的降解率可达66.76%;在35 ℃、pH=8及以麦芽糖为碳源、氯化铵为氮源的条件下可获得理想的发酵效果,同时明确了XQ08液体菌剂的制备方法。分别在室内盆栽与田间种植的香菜上喷施高剂量 (推荐剂量10倍,有效成分6.25 g/hm2) 的25 g/L溴氰菊酯乳油,于施药后2、24和48 h施用XQ08菌剂,3、5、7和9 d后,香菜上溴氰菊酯的降解率分别超过20%、50%、60%及70%;7 d后施用菌剂处理组溴氰菊酯残留量均低于0.5 mg/kg,9 d后残留量均低于0.2 mg/kg。本研究首次报道了嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌对溴氰菊酯的降解,发现其XQ08菌剂可有效促进溴氰菊酯的降解,且其降解符合一级动力学特征。嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌XQ08菌株能有效降低或清除蔬菜上的溴氰菊酯残留,具有较好的应用潜力和开发价值。     

甘草内生细菌对4种植物病原菌的抑菌谱及其16S rRNA系统发育分析

旨在筛选对4种植物病原真菌具有拮抗活性的甘草内生细菌,为新疆甘草内生细菌的开发应用提供理论依据。采用平板对峙培养法从100株甘草内生细菌中筛选对石榴枯萎病甘薯长喙壳、草果叶斑病镰刀菌、草果假茎黑斑病小孢拟盘多毛孢、墨兰炭疽病胶孢炭疽菌等4个病原菌具有拮抗活性的菌株,并测定其16SrRNA基因序列,建立系统发育树对其进行初步鉴定。结果显示,61株菌株对甘薯长喙壳具有拮抗作用,其中13株菌的抑菌半径均大于15mm。进一步研究表明,10株菌对4种植物病原菌都表现出较高的抑菌能力。基于16Sr RNA基因序列分析与系统发育分析表明,其中11株菌为萎缩芽孢杆菌(Bacillus atrophaeus),另外2株菌分别为副氧化微杆菌(Microbacterium paraoxydans)和莫哈韦芽胞杆菌(B.mojavensis)。     

不同环境条件下联合共生固氮菌对小麦种子生长的影响

从13株小麦根际筛选得到3种联合共生固氮菌,通过单因素批次试验确定了不同菌种的培养时间、温度、pH、葡萄糖浓度及氮素浓度的适宜范围,得出单个菌株和组合菌组生长效果最佳的实验条件,并进一步测定单个菌株和组合菌组对小麦种子生长状况的影响。研究显示,在pH 7,温度35 ℃,NaCl浓度5%,葡萄糖浓度10%,氮素浓度3 g·L^-1的条件下培养36 h时,组合菌组作用于小麦种子的效果优于单个菌株的作用效果,相较于空白组,发芽率平均提高了4%,发芽势、发芽指数也均有所提高。组合菌组能更好地适应多变的环境,稳定发挥作用,有利于获得高产。     

一株草莓连作自毒障碍主要物质苯甲酸降解细菌的筛选及其降解效果研究

草莓连作障碍的主要原因是根系产生的自毒作用,苯甲酸是草莓连作障碍的主要自毒物质之一。为减少苯甲酸对草莓的危害,选用苯甲酸为唯一碳源的选择培养基,逐步提高苯甲酸浓度,以期筛选出草莓根际中降解苯甲酸的细菌,并通过紫外可见分光光度法测定其对苯甲酸的降解能力。随后,对筛选出的有效降解菌与3株草莓根腐病菌进行拮抗试验,同时对其显微形态特征和16S rDNA基因序列进行分析与分子鉴定。筛选出的菌株L501对苯甲酸的降解率为87.5%,表明其能有效减轻苯甲酸的自毒作用,同时L501对草莓根腐病菌有较强的拮抗作用。经鉴定,菌株L501为枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis,具有解毒抗菌双重功能。     

海洋源高产葡萄糖氧化酶细菌的筛选和主要酶学性质

从海洋环境中筛选高产葡萄糖氧化酶的海洋细菌, 为生产葡萄糖氧化酶提供新的菌种资源。采集海泥、海水及珊瑚样品,采用亚甲基蓝平板显色培养的方法初步分离产酶细菌,再对分离菌株进行显色培养,挑选产酶优势菌株,用液态摇瓶发酵的方法测定优势菌株的产酶能力,然后检测温度及酸碱度对酶活性的影响,并对优势菌株进行形态鉴定、生化鉴定以及16S rDNA基因序列鉴定。从海泥样品中初筛得到几株产葡萄糖氧化酶的细菌,其中菌株MS-4产酶活力最高,该菌在常规LB液体培养条件下葡萄糖氧化酶活力达到8.8 U·mL^-1;所产酶最适作用温度为14 ℃,最适pH为7.0,在25 ℃以下活性稳定;经过综合鉴定MS-4是蜡状芽孢杆菌,其中生化鉴定和基因序列鉴定的结果显示,该菌与蜡状芽孢杆菌的相似度分别为98.8%和100%。实验结果说明,MS-4具有相对较高的产葡萄糖氧化酶能力,可作为低温食品保鲜用葡萄糖氧化酶的生产用菌进行开发和研究。